Wednesday, September 12, 2007
A Note on Yoga Terminology
In referring to yoga, it is common to use the original Sanskrit terms for various concepts
and practices, as frequently, equivalent words do not exist in English. Yoga for Men adopts the convention of presenting these words in transliterated English, with a literal translation
of their meaning generally provided parenthetically. Understanding the etymology of the
original Sanskrit word can often be a helpful key to unlocking its meaning in English.
Sanskrit terms are generally italicized upon their first occurrence in Yoga for Men, with an
English translation provided in parentheses. Subsequent uses of the Sanskrit term in the
text are not italicized. Because of the complexity of transliterating Sanskrit words into
English, Sanskrit words often have variant spellings in English. Yoga for Men attempts to
use the most frequently encountered spellings.
may be new to some readers. A male practitioner of yoga is frequently referred to as a yogin,
while a female practitioner is referred to as a yogini. Alternatively, the word yogi refers to any
practitioner, regardless of sex. The plural of yogi is yogis. The adjective yogic does not yet
appear in all dictionaries, but is used with increasing frequency as a qualifier to denote that
the noun to which it refers has a special yoga connotation. You will find these words used
at various times throughout this book.
and practices, as frequently, equivalent words do not exist in English. Yoga for Men adopts the convention of presenting these words in transliterated English, with a literal translation
of their meaning generally provided parenthetically. Understanding the etymology of the
original Sanskrit word can often be a helpful key to unlocking its meaning in English.
Sanskrit terms are generally italicized upon their first occurrence in Yoga for Men, with an
English translation provided in parentheses. Subsequent uses of the Sanskrit term in the
text are not italicized. Because of the complexity of transliterating Sanskrit words into
English, Sanskrit words often have variant spellings in English. Yoga for Men attempts to
use the most frequently encountered spellings.
may be new to some readers. A male practitioner of yoga is frequently referred to as a yogin,
while a female practitioner is referred to as a yogini. Alternatively, the word yogi refers to any
practitioner, regardless of sex. The plural of yogi is yogis. The adjective yogic does not yet
appear in all dictionaries, but is used with increasing frequency as a qualifier to denote that
the noun to which it refers has a special yoga connotation. You will find these words used
at various times throughout this book.
Yoga in the West
While many people in the West are only now discovering yoga, knowledge of yoga in
the West is not new. In the late 18th century, interest in Sanskrit grew as scholars began to
understand the importance and interconnectedness of the Indo-European family of languages.
The Bhagavad Gita was the first Sanskrit text to be translated into English—in
1785 by the Englishman Charles Wilkins. American statesman Alexander Hamilton visited
India, and even gave Sanskrit lessons in Paris, when he was detained there during
wartime in 1802.3
The transcendentalist movement was influenced by Eastern thought. By the early 19th
century, the teachings of the ancient Hindu texts that form the basis of yoga were becoming
known to Westerners through the influential work of such intellectuals and writers as
Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson. The work of American and European
Romantic artists also resonated with the essence of yoga thought.
What seems to have done the most to bring yoga into popular awareness, however, has
been a cross-fertilization of knowledge about India and its sacred traditions that began
more recently when a number of master teachers, or gurus, came from India to the West
with the professed aim of bringing the ancient teachings of India to Western nations. First
among these was Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902), who gained prominence through his
presence at the World’s Parliament of Religions held in Chicago in 1893. One of the most
influential of the Indian gurus was Parmahansa Yogananda (1893–1952), who was sent by
his revered master to bring the teachings of yoga to the West in 1920, when he attended a
congress of world religions in Boston. In that same year, Parmahansa Yogananda founded
the Self-Realization Fellowship, an organization through which he initiated thousands of
Westerners into yoga. His Autobiography of a Yogi remains one of the most widely read books
on yoga throughout the world today. Since these two pioneers, a number of other influential
teachers have brought their particular focus on yoga to the West, including, most
notably, B.K.S. Iyengar (founder of Iyengar Yoga), Swami Rama (the Himalayan Institute),
Swami Satchidananda (Integral Yoga), and Swami Vishnu-devananda (Sivananda Yoga).
The transmission of knowledge of yoga is a two-way avenue, however. Because knowledge
about yoga has become more widely available in the West, increasingly large numbers
of Americans and Europeans are traveling to India to seek instruction firsthand in the
ancient practices of yoga. Ram Dass was one of the first and best-known Westerners to
forgo the creature comforts of the West to sit at the feet of a guru in India. He distilled
the essence of what he learned in the title of his groundbreaking book Be Here Now. Since
Ram Dass’s pilgrimage, countless other Americans have followed a similar path.
the West is not new. In the late 18th century, interest in Sanskrit grew as scholars began to
understand the importance and interconnectedness of the Indo-European family of languages.
The Bhagavad Gita was the first Sanskrit text to be translated into English—in
1785 by the Englishman Charles Wilkins. American statesman Alexander Hamilton visited
India, and even gave Sanskrit lessons in Paris, when he was detained there during
wartime in 1802.3
The transcendentalist movement was influenced by Eastern thought. By the early 19th
century, the teachings of the ancient Hindu texts that form the basis of yoga were becoming
known to Westerners through the influential work of such intellectuals and writers as
Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson. The work of American and European
Romantic artists also resonated with the essence of yoga thought.
What seems to have done the most to bring yoga into popular awareness, however, has
been a cross-fertilization of knowledge about India and its sacred traditions that began
more recently when a number of master teachers, or gurus, came from India to the West
with the professed aim of bringing the ancient teachings of India to Western nations. First
among these was Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902), who gained prominence through his
presence at the World’s Parliament of Religions held in Chicago in 1893. One of the most
influential of the Indian gurus was Parmahansa Yogananda (1893–1952), who was sent by
his revered master to bring the teachings of yoga to the West in 1920, when he attended a
congress of world religions in Boston. In that same year, Parmahansa Yogananda founded
the Self-Realization Fellowship, an organization through which he initiated thousands of
Westerners into yoga. His Autobiography of a Yogi remains one of the most widely read books
on yoga throughout the world today. Since these two pioneers, a number of other influential
teachers have brought their particular focus on yoga to the West, including, most
notably, B.K.S. Iyengar (founder of Iyengar Yoga), Swami Rama (the Himalayan Institute),
Swami Satchidananda (Integral Yoga), and Swami Vishnu-devananda (Sivananda Yoga).
The transmission of knowledge of yoga is a two-way avenue, however. Because knowledge
about yoga has become more widely available in the West, increasingly large numbers
of Americans and Europeans are traveling to India to seek instruction firsthand in the
ancient practices of yoga. Ram Dass was one of the first and best-known Westerners to
forgo the creature comforts of the West to sit at the feet of a guru in India. He distilled
the essence of what he learned in the title of his groundbreaking book Be Here Now. Since
Ram Dass’s pilgrimage, countless other Americans have followed a similar path.
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